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The concept of an "Allowed Rule" in the context of Windows Server 2012 relates to the functionality of software restriction policies or application control features like AppLocker. This type of rule is designed to permit certain applications to run while blocking any applications that are not explicitly allowed.

When an Allowed Rule is implemented, it specifies which software can be executed based on criteria such as the software's location, publisher, or version. It essentially creates a whitelist of approved applications, ensuring that only designated programs can be utilized within the network environment. This approach is particularly useful for enhancing security, as it significantly reduces the risk of unauthorized or harmful software being executed, aiding in the prevention of malware and other security threats.

In contrast, a Disallowed Rule would prevent specific applications from running, whereas a Certificate Rule and a Hash Rule have distinct mechanisms for identification and validation of software. The Certificate Rule validates software based on its digital signature, while the Hash Rule allows or blocks applications based on a unique hash value associated with the file. These options are focused on different aspects of application control and do not primarily serve the purpose of explicitly allowing software while blocking all others.